Language Acquisition Books

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The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (P.S.)

Steven Pinker

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (P.S.) Steven Pinker Amazon Price: $10.85
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By: Harper Perennial Modern Classics
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Subjects -> Reference -> Words & Language -> Grammar
Subjects -> Reference -> Words & Language -> Linguistics

Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 109 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

A Thorough and Entertaining Introduction to Language 5 out of 5 stars.
1 of 1 people found this review helpful.

As someone who has had a fascination about languages, this book was the perfect choice for my undergraduate neuroscience class--it's objective is to elucidate how the mind creates language. The prose is extremely well-written and complex ideas clearly explained. Pinker takes the reader on a very fun and thought-provoking journey, providing fascinating insights for both the casually-interested reader and linguists alike. I will highlight on some key points presented throughout.

The first sections illustrate the key themes that Pinker will elaborate on throughout the rest of the book. He presents language as being an evolutionary adaptation that is unique to humans, just as much as a trunk is an adaptation for elephants or sonar for a bat. It is an instinct that we innately are born with. One of the myths about language is the notion that language is taught or transmitted, whether from mother to baby, or from one civilization to another. In actuality, children seem to be born with "Universal Grammar," a blueprint for all grammars on earth. "Virtually every sentence is a brand new combination of words. Therefore a language cannot be a repertoire of responses; the brain must contain a recipe or program that can build an unlimited set of sentences out of a finite list of words (9)." Likewise, there has yet to be a civilization found that is devoid of language. For example, a group of a million people had inhabited an area isolated from the rest of the world in New Guinea for forty thousand years, yet had independently developed their own language, as discovered when first contact was made in the 1920s.

Another important concept presented is "mentalese", a euphemism for a theory of thinking known as "computational/representational theory of mind." It essentially negates the common myth that thought is dependent on language and its corollary, that since people of different backgrounds than us have different languages, they must think differently. There is thought to be a universal "mentalese," and to "know a language" is simply being able to translate mentalese into strings of words in that language.

The second section of the book is a comprehensive summary of the basic parts of language, with plentiful information regarding syntax, phrase structure, morphemes, and more. A key point made is the recent discovery of a common anatomy in all the world's languages, called "X-bar theory." With the general set of rules, children do not have to "learn" lists and lists of rules for each language via rote memorization, but are born knowing the linguistic framework. They are then able to go from speaking a few isolated words to complex yet grammatically coherent sentences in a matter of months.

In the next section, Pinker introduces the concept of the "parser", which is the mental program that analyzes sentence structure during language comprehension. Grammar is simply a protocol, which does not necessitate understanding. In a nutshell, as the person reads a sentence, the parser will group phrases, building "phrase trees", consistent with linguistic rules (for example, a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase). It is interesting that grammatically correct yet poorly constructed sentences can cause a person great difficulty in comprehension--the rationale is that the parser will not present the person with the correct phrase tree, among copious possible combinations.

Pinker goes on to describe the differences between languages. Despite grammatical difference between languages, such as subject(S)/verb(V)/object(O) order (SVO, SOV, etc), fixed-word-order/free-word-order (if phrase order can vary or not), there are striking similarities. The most prominent are implications--if a language has X, it will have Y. For example, if the basic order of a language is SOV, it will have question words at the beginning of the sentence (234).

Pinker cites three processes that act on languages that result in the differences that we see evident in languages today: innovation, learning, and migration. For example in the case of migration, though the roots of English are from Northern Germany, the existence of thousands of French words in English is the legacy of the invasion of Britain by the Normans in 1066. One of the most broad-reaching relationships between current modern languages can be traced back to the possible existence of a proto-Indo-European language, whose modern-day descendents span from Western Europe to the Indian subcontinent.


Over the final chapters, Pinker elaborates on the amazing explosion of language acquisition in children during their first three years. He explains the significance of Broca's and Wernicke's in language, by examining different cases of aphasia with patients having damage to those areas. Our current understanding of the brain does not allow us to be able to predict what the impact of damage to these areas are from patient to patient--it is frequently witnessed that patients with damage in identical places to these areas have different types of aphasia.

As a final note, Pinker makes a distinction between prescriptive rules, such as grammatical rules that we are taught in school, and descriptive rules, the way people actually talk. In response to the former, he makes a claim that using non-standard English such as "I can't get no satisfaction" versus the standard English "I can't get any satisfaction" is not wrong linguistically, as it is simply a different dialect with an internally consistent grammar. The evident double-negative (which is "wrong" in standard English) is simply a remnant of Middle English, where double-negatives were ubiquitous. As long as the grammatical rules of any language are consistent and systematic, as in the seemingly wrong non-standard English, they follow the descriptive rules and are linguistically correct.


Overall, The Language Instinct is a great read for anyone even remotely interested in the topic. The scope is immense, from basic linguistics, to language development, to language evolution, to genetics, to overall mind design. In addition to being introduced to very important linguistic concepts, you will have an amazing amount of entertaining examples to share in any setting.

Editorial Review:

In this classic, the world's expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.

Baby Talk: A Guide to Using Basic Sign Language to Communicate with Your Baby

Monica Beyer

Baby Talk: A Guide to Using Basic Sign Language to Communicate with Your Baby Monica Beyer Amazon Price: $10.37
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 19 Average rating: 4.5 of 5

Editorial Review:

Jump-start language and learning skills with this simple and elegant guide to using sign language to communicate with your preverbal baby.

Imagine averting a tantrum because your baby was able to communicate her desire for a favorite toy without tears, or simply sharing in your baby's wonderment at the sight of a bird on a tree-before he has even uttered his first word! Generally, children do not develop the motor skills necessary to speak until they are two, and yet they are able to communicate using sign language as early as six months. Written by an experienced signer and a mother of three, this illustrated step-by-step guide will allow readers to join the ranks of parents around the world who experience the rich rewards of communicating with their preverbal babies by using sign language.

Studies have shown that babies who are taught to use signs to express themselves before they can actually speak are more contented because they can communicate their basic needs (and ideas!) and also are more skilled at speaking once they begin to acquire language. Full of practical tips, real anecdotes, and straightforward diagrams of more than sixty basic American Sign Language signs, Baby Talk is the essential baby-signing handbook for parents, relatives, and caregivers-and their babies, who are just a little too young to express themselves verbally.

A Quick Guide to Boosting English Acquisition in Choice Time, K-2 (Workshop Help Desk)

Alison Porcelli, Cheryl Tyler, Lucy Calkins

A Quick Guide to Boosting English Acquisition in Choice Time, K-2 (Workshop Help Desk) Alison Porcelli, Cheryl Tyler, Lucy Calkins Amazon Price: $8.00
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Subjects -> Health, Mind & Body -> Psychology & Counseling -> By Topic -> Language Acquisition
Subjects -> Nonfiction -> Education -> Curricula

Editorial Review:

 
In A Quick Guide to Boosting English Acquisition in Choice Time Alison and Cheryl explain how choice-time workshops can be structured to help English language learners imagine, create, and explore language through play. They outline two units of study for choice-time workshops, the first using open-ended materials, the other using literature to inspire play.
 
A Quick Guide to Boosting English Acquisition in Choice Time is part of the Workshop Help Desk series.
 
About the Workshop Help Desk series
The Workshop Help Desk series is designed for teachers who believe in workshop teaching and who have already rolled up their sleeves enough to have encountered the predictable challenges. If you've struggled to get around quickly enough to help all your writers, if you've wondered how to tweak your teaching to make it more effective and lasting, if you've needed to adapt your teaching for English learners, if you've struggled to teach grammar or nonfiction writing or test prep…if you've faced these and other specific, pressing challenges, then this series is for you. Provided in a compact 5" x 7" format, the Workshop Help Desk series offers pocket-sized professional development. To learn more visit www.unitsofstudy.com

The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language

Christine Kenneally

The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language Christine Kenneally Amazon Price: $17.79
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By: Viking Adult
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Subjects -> Nonfiction -> Social Sciences -> Anthropology -> Evolution
Subjects -> Professional & Technical -> Professional Science -> Evolution -> General

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Total reviews: 21 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

Editorial Review:

A compelling look at the quest for the origins of human language from an accomplished linguist

Language is a distinctly human gift. However, because it leaves no permanent trace, its evolution has long been a mystery, and it is only in the last fifteen years that we have begun to understand how language came into being.

The First Word is the compelling story of the quest for the origins of human language. The book follows two intertwined narratives. The first is an account of how language developed—how the random and layered processes of evolution wound together to produce a talking animal: us. The second addresses why scientists are at last able to explore the subject. For more than a hundred years, language evolution was considered a scientific taboo. Kenneally focuses on figures like Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker, along with cognitive scientists, biologists, geneticists, and animal researchers, in order to answer the fundamental question: Is language a uniquely human phenomenon?

The First Word is the first book of its kind written for a general audience. Sure to appeal to fans of Steven Pinker’s The Language Instinct and Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel, Kenneally’s book is set to join them as a seminal account of human history.

The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World

Charles Yang

The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World Charles Yang Amazon Price: $17.88
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Subjects -> Health, Mind & Body -> Psychology & Counseling -> Child Psychology -> Development
Subjects -> Professional & Technical -> Professional Science -> Behavioral Sciences -> Cognitive Psychology

Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 6 Average rating: 4.5 of 5

Editorial Review:

A child's very first word is a miraculous sound, the opening note in a lifelong symphony. Most parents never forget the moment. But that first word is soon followed by a second and a third, and by the age of three, children are typically learning ten new words every day and speaking in complete sentences. The process seems effortless, and for children, it is. But how exactly does it happen? How do children learn language? And why is it so much harder to do later in life?

Drawing on cutting-edge developments in biology, neurology, psychology, and linguistics, Charles Yang's The Infinite Gift takes us inside the astonishingly complex but largely subconscious process by which children learn to talk and to understand the spoken word.

Yang illuminates the rich mysteries of language: why French newborns already prefer the sound of French to English; why baby-talk, though often unintelligible, makes perfect linguistic sense; why babies born deaf still babble -- but with their hands; why the grammars of some languages may be evolutionarily stronger than others; and why one of the brain's earliest achievements may in fact be its most complex.

Yang also puts forth an exciting new theory. Building on Noam Chomsky's notion of a universal grammar -- the idea that every human being is born with an intuitive grasp of grammar -- Yang argues that we learn our native languages in part by unlearning the grammars of all the rest.

This means that the next time you hear a child make a grammatical mistake, it may not be a mistake at all; his or her grammar may be perfectly correct in Chinese or Navajo or ancient Greek. This is the brain's way of testing its options as it searches for the local and thus correct grammar -- and then discards all the wrong ones.

And we humans, Yang shows, are not the only creatures who learn this way. In fact, learning by unlearning may be an ancient evolutionary mechanism that runs throughout the animal kingdom. Thus, babies learn to talk in much the same way that birds learn to sing.

Enlivened by Yang's experiences with his own young son, The Infinite Gift is as charming as it is challenging, as thoughtful as it is thought-provoking. An absorbing read for parents, educators, and anyone who has ever wondered about the origins of that uniquely human gift: our ability to speak and, just as miraculous, to understand one another.

The Social World of Children Learning to Talk

Betty Hart, Todd R. Risley

The Social World of Children Learning to Talk Betty Hart, Todd R. Risley Amazon Price: $26.95
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 3 Average rating: 5.0 of 5

Essential reading 5 out of 5 stars.
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.

This is essential reading for any one interested in why children perform so differently in literacy. Seminal work

Editorial Review:

This much-awaited companion to the award-winning Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children reveals how daily child-parent social interactions govern children's language and social development.

Based on unparalled data from 2-1/2 years of observing the everyday interactions of 1- and 2-year-old children learning to talk in their own homes, Hart and Risley have charted the month-by-month growth of the children's vocabulary, utterances, and use of grammatical structures. The compelling narrative highlights reliability-tested research findings and is supplemented with numerous transcripts from observations and a list of 2,000 words of children's expressive vocabulary from 19-36 months of age.

This book is must-reading for professionals in speech and language, child development, psychology, and education who need to understand how children come to talk as much and as well as their parents and caregivers.

The Meaning Makers: Children Learning Language and Using Language to Learn

Gordon Wells

The Meaning Makers: Children Learning Language and Using Language to Learn Gordon Wells Amazon Price: $28.50
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By: Heinemann
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 2 Average rating: 3.0 of 5

A Very Difficult Read 1 out of 5 stars.
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.

For a book about language and meaning, it is extremely difficult to derive anything from this book! While it includes examples of conversations including young British children and their development, they are only useful if you have had no exposure to children. The remainder of this book is dedicated to explaining how children develop the ability to express and create meaning, but is almost impossible to follow.

There are many great sources available for language development, but this is not one of them!

Editorial Review:

The Meaning Makers is a book about children's language, literacy, and learning. Based on the Bristol Study, "Language at Home and at School," which the author directed, it follows the development of a representative sample of children from their first words to the end of their elementary education. It contains many examples of their experience of language, both spoken and written, recorded in naturally occurring contexts in homes and classrooms, and shows the active role that children play in their own learning as they construct both an internal model of the world and a linguistic system for communicating about it.

The Dawn of Meaning (Mcgraw-Hill Horizons of Science Series)

Boris Cyrulnik

The Dawn of Meaning (Mcgraw-Hill Horizons of Science Series) Boris Cyrulnik List Price: $11.95
By: Mcgraw-Hill
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Look Who's Talking

Laura Dyer

Look Who's Talking Laura Dyer Amazon Price: $10.20
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 9 Average rating: 5.0 of 5

Wonderful resource for parents 5 out of 5 stars.
4 of 4 people found this review helpful.

Look Who's Talking is a wonderful resource for parents who have questions about their child's speech. Laura Dyer, a speech-language therapist with a master's degree in communications disorders, has written a book that is well researched, easy to use and full of practical advice.

Look Who's Talking begins with an overview of speech and language development, including influences, potential problems and causes. Complicating issues such as auditory processing, hearing, language delays, and developmental delays are discussed. One of the key features of this book is the very detailed descriptions provided for each age and developmental stage; parents of babies and older children will find this a helpful resource.

Editorial Review:

Based on the latest academic research, Laura Dyer has written the most comprehensive and practical book on the market to help parents enhance their child's language development. It covers pre-verbal signs and gestures and provides more information than any other book on:

- How to nurture pre-literary skills

- How to enhance speech and language skills from birth to age 7

- How reading to your child can enhance language development and literacy

- How to use music to enhance language development

- How to recognize warning signs of the most common language problems and what to do if you find them

- What the effect of bilingualism is on language development and how to deal with

the most common problems that arise

Language Development: An Introduction (with Audio CD) (6th Edition)

Robert E. Owens

Language Development: An Introduction (with Audio CD) (6th Edition) Robert E. Owens List Price: $101.00
By: Allyn & Bacon
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Subjects -> Health, Mind & Body -> Psychology & Counseling -> Developmental Psychology

Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 4 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

Too much information 4 out of 5 stars.
9 of 10 people found this review helpful.

This book is packed with an incredible amount of information on language development making it a good resource. However, this incredible detail is confusing for students taking their first course in language development.

Editorial Review:

Clearly written, well organized, and comprehensive, Language Development is the most widely used text in its field. In recognition of the tremendous language variations among children, the Sixth Edition of this highly readable text devotes significant space to individual developmental differences and cultural differences. Discussion of other cultures is included in the text wherever possible. In addition, the sections on culturally linguistical diverse children accurately reflect the realities of everyday life in the United States. Developed within a practical chronological framework, the Sixth Edition examines every aspect of syntax, morphology, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics. As in previous editions, Owens presents even the most complex, technical concepts at an appropriate level for beginning students.

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