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The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State (Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature)

Hanan Eshel

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Jewish Contemporaries of Jesus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes

Gunter Stemberger

Jewish Contemporaries of Jesus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes Gunter Stemberger Amazon Price: $14.04
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 4 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

First Century Jigsaw Puzzle 5 out of 5 stars.
9 of 10 people found this review helpful.

This is an excellent, restrained and well-balanced study of the three most prominent Jewish religious groups around Jesus' time.

The author successfully integrates all the available sources, including: the New Testament, rabbinical sources, Yosef Ben Mattathias, a.k.a. Josephus Flavius, Dead Sea scrolls and apocrypha. This is a daunting task because their perspectives and agendas are incongruent. Throughout, he maintains lucidity and caution in judging how useful they are for the purpose of delineating who's who and what's what in Jewish society in the first century A.D. Usually, he cautions, these sources are not very helpful. The gaping holes in our knowledge tempt the creativity of the researcher to fill them up with his intuitions. For example, a basic assumption of writers in this field is that the New Testament Pharisees represent the same group as the rabbinical "Prushim." I am not even convinced that this identification is correct. Stemberger does not address this issue explicitly. He has his theories, but he exercises academic discipline and points out the limits of our knowledge. I felt the book added a lot to my grasp of the contentious nature of the New Testament and of the rabbinical sources, as well as Ben Mattathias' disregard for consistency.

Stemberger was in his element in his comparison of the shifts in the portrait of the Pharisees in the New Testament, particularly his emphasis on Luke's surprising description of the Pharisees. According to Luke, Jesus' relationship to the Pharisees could not have been as bad as they are portrayed in the other Gospels. "In the banquet scenes, Luke emphasizes the closeness of the Pharisees to Jesus, and in Acts he clarifies the points of association between the Pharisees and the Christian community." This is one of the few areas where the author indulges in some connecting of the dots. It is worth quoting him at length.

"If it were possible, using various arguments, to doubt that Paul had been a Pharisee at first, it would still be difficult to question the role of the Pharisees among the first Christians. What reason might Luke have had for such a position, if corresponding tendencies did not exist? This might shed some light on the anti-Pharisee polemic in the Gospel tradition, especially in Matthew and John. Is this not at least partially an intra-Christian polemic in the process of the community freeing itself from the roots of the law? It is not contradictory that we find the polemic especially sharp in the Gospels to which we credit a Jewish-Christian background. It was there that the problem of differentiation was greatest!"

One can stretch this insight to understand the anti-Jewish tenor of parts of the Gospels, which is grounded in early church politics. Parts of the Gospels seem to have a clear agenda to distance Jesus from his Jewish milieu. This is done without much subtlety. This tension determined editing decisions the authors of the Gospels made with their source material. Their work has fostered a perpetuation and fixation of the then contemporary animosities. In that sense centuries of strife between Judaism and Christianity stem from first century tensions between different communities, vying to differentiate from and to de-legitimize each other.

Stemberger sees through Ben Mattathias' Hellenic posturing. Overall, I felt his intuitions regarding rabbinical sources were also right on target. (The exception is when he speculates on page 102 on a possible connection between Daniel's "ba-halaqlaqqot" and the Qumran's "dorshei-halaqot." However, the two are unrelated. One comes from the word "halaq," "smooth," and the other from "halakha," "the law." Elsewhere in the text, the author implies that he is aware of these semantics.) He opines that the various Jewish schools had more in common with one another than not. For instance, he mentions the issue of the Sabbath. There is no evidence for significant points of conflict between the various schools of Judaism at the time regarding the Sabbath. Uncompromising withdrawal from all forms of labor on the Sabbath has always been one of the very basic and holiest tenets of Judaism, biblical as well as rabbinical. He then goes on to juxtapose this with his assessment of the Gospels and their sources regarding the Sabbath. He points out that there is no way to interpret the sources other than that both Jesus as well as the early Christian community disregarded the Sabbath regulations.

This is a difficult point. This was after all a legalistic society obsessed with the smallest details of observance of even lesser aspects of Moses' law. Therefore, it is hard to grasp how Jesus could have survived even one Sabbath if he openly disregarded its observance, let alone made public pronouncements condemning it. To the author's credit, he is not tempted to smooth over this issue by trying to find a way to bridge historical common sense with faith.

Editorial Review:

This book looks carefully at the sources of information for the three most prominent religious groups of first-century Judaism. Mahnke presents a close reexamination of the sources, history and teaching of the three groups.

The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Untold Story

Kenneth Hanson

The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Untold Story Kenneth Hanson Amazon Price: $12.71
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 11 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

Great overview of the DSS; some overstatements 4 out of 5 stars.
13 of 14 people found this review helpful.

I heard Dr. Hanson both times he has been on the well-known
(inter)national talk radio show, "Coast to Coast," though he was
never interviewed by the show's mainstay, Art Bell. Dr. Hanson is a
very competent and highly enthusiastic speaker. On the show and
certainly in "The Untold Story" he adds life to what could be a
"dead" subject. He is the rare Christian, not in that he accepts
Judaism as the undoubted precursor to Christianity (a point
fully proven by the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), according to him), but
he knows Hebrew fluently from years of study, and more importantly,
having lived in Israel for many years, and not always in the safest
places! You feel his deep love for religious studies in the book,
and his sincere, humble conviction for the religious path.

On the radio and in the Introduction of the book Dr. Hanson
promises to tell the DSS saga to non-scholars, without the verbose
and dry prose of the many scholarly but unfulfilling tomes that have
been produced since the remarkable discovery of the scrolls in 1947,
amazingly synchronistic with the founding of the modern state of Israel.
For the most part Dr. Hanson succeeds very well, giving a very clear,
thorough, lively, and from what I know, factual account of the finding,
history, and meaning of the DSS - all this in relatively few pages. I
think that even those (non-experts) who are familiar with the story will
find Dr. Hanson's account enjoyable reading.

Another aspect of the DSS that Dr. Hanson's covers admirably are
the many controversies surrouding the scrolls, and he explains why the
scholarly consensus is usually to him the most plausible. For example,
most scholars think that the authors and creators of the scrolls were
Essenes, but some feel that this is not the case. Dr. Hanson not
only shows why the philosophy and lifestyle(s) of the various Essene
sects point to the Essenes, but on p. 61 he cleverly speculates that
the Hebrew word Osin, which means "doers of God's will," could have
been "corrupted" to form "Essenes," who most certainly consider
themselves doers of God's will.

I much appreciated Dr. Hanson's extensive use of Josephus'
writings, for example discussing John the Baptist, as well as the
Romans account of the almost total annihilation of the Jews in Israel
by the Kittim (DSS term for "the dark forces") in the late 60's AD.
Finally, I also enjoyed Dr. Hanson's contention that Jesus himself
must have known about the DSS, and while he might have been the Messiah
the scrolls predicted, he constantly drew a distinction between their
extreme positions and disciplines and his more lenient, compassionate
teachings. (I will assume Jesus existed for this discussion).

Yet parts of the book were a little troublesome for me, and these
were always Dr. Hanson's commentaries (as opposed to his always
lucid accounts of the details of scrolls-related topics). Indeed
he quotes Josephus extensively for interesting historical context,
and even states that Josephus was a contemporary of Jesus, yet he
says not one word as to why there is maybe only 1 brief "legitimate"
reference in Josephus to Jesus, when according to the author, Jesus'
miracles, predicted by the DSS, were perhaps the most essential aspect
proving his being the Messiah! One would think that anyone who did
such things would be mentioned in detailed volumes in more than a
very passing way.

On p. 92 the cruel King Aristobolus dies after a short reign,
it is as if "divine judgement," but when there is a severe earthquake
in 31 B.C., that greatly affects the DSS community, there is no
"Godly" (my words) reason. Perhaps the Essenes and the author need
some background in science! And on p. 116 there is a paragraph
that stunned me given the quality of most of the book. Dr. Hanson
claims that through the Jewish ritual, the "Bar Mitzvah," the 13-year
old "son of the Most High," bypasses adolescence. Having gone through a
serious preparation of quite a bit of Hebrew and Torah reading myself
at that age, I can assure the author that the "High" was only very, very
temporary, and I went through my puberty like everyone else!

Whatever its faults, I still highly recommend "The Untold Story" for
a great overview and fine insights into the many aspects the Dead Sea
Scrolls.

Editorial Review:

In Dead Sea Scrolls: The Untold Story, Hebrew scholar Kenneth Hanson captures all the mystery and excitement of the rediscovery of the scrolls, the half-century of intrigue that followed, and the ancient Hebrew sect that wrote, preserved, and died defending these treasured works.

Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Anchor Bible Reference)

James H. Charlesworth

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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 3 Average rating: 4.5 of 5

helpful background to 1st century southern levant 4 out of 5 stars.
51 of 53 people found this review helpful.

Over the years, the Anchor Bible Reference Library (ABRL) has published an assortment of scholarly books on archeology in the Levant, Jewish history and the origins of Christianity. Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls, edited by James H. Charlesworth (©1992) is a nice addition to this series and certainly worthy of examination by any interested in the period of the first centuries BC and AD. This work, is a compilation of articles by renown scholars focusing on areas of commonalty and differences between the teachings of Jesus and the writings found in the caves of Qumrân.

For example, although some eschatological exegesis and scriptural preferences between Jesus and the Essene community at Qumrân can be catalogued, Jesus' ministry was also profoundly different from the Essenes, as well as different from other Jewish leaders including the Pharisees. The Essenes were exclusionary and ritualistic, Jesus demonstrated an inclination to accept all sincere followers. Jesus' parables could be comprehended by all (at least superficially), while the Dead Sea Scrolls are often noted for their obtuseness. The Essenes were even stricter with their interpretation of Mosaic law than the Pharisees. Jesus took a more liberal view on this matter. Yet both groups were devoted to prayer and both acknowledged "the Holy Spirit" (rwh hqws) as did other Jewish leaders.

Comparisons between Essene writings and the Torah abound. For example, Deuteronomy 21:22 commands that a capital offense be punished by death followed by hanging upon a tree for public display. However in the Temple Scroll, this sequence is reversed--the delinquent is to be hanged until death--i.e., crucifixion. Further comparison of symbolic references are made between Jesus and the Essenes. The Qumrân community placed great emphasis on sacrifice and atonement in the Temple at Jerusale--in fact, the Righteous Teacher referred to in many scrolls is thought by some scholars to have been a High Priest and a member of the Zadok family line. Jesus, on the other hand, regarded the Temple as a house of prayer and offered forgiveness outside of the temple cult. The scrolls prepared the community about the coming war against the "sons of darkness", while Jesus instructed his disciples to love their enemies--including Gentiles. The common meal for Essenes signified a conformity to purity rituals, while Christians came to accept this as an expression of Jesus' sacrifice. A later chapter comments on how Jesus saw the Temple and the taxes collected on its behalf as an oppression of the poor.

One item of concern for biblical scholars has been the apparent discrepancy between the synoptic gospels and the account in John regarding the Last Supper--the former indicate this was the Passover meal, while the latter synchronizes Jesus' death with the slaughter of the paschal lamb. Scholars have established that two liturgical calendars were in use in the first century--this may account for the scriptural difference. Another matter commented on was how Jesus regarded impurity. The Jewish society in the first century did not employ precise conceptual definitions but used norms based on law. Jesus considered persons to be defiled only by sin (against God), not by ritual.

Many contemporary researchers have suggested that Jesus did not recognize his divinity or messianic authority. This contention is swiftly dispatched in a chapter written by Charlesworth himself by examining the parable of the vineyard (Matthew 21:33-46, Mark 12:1-9, Luke 20:9-19) in which Jesus clearly intends to be identified as the landlord's murdered son. The chapter also includes an analysis on the hymns of the Righteous Teacher as a gardener of eternal planting. In the following chapter, Jesus' criticism of the Essenes is interpreted from the parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16:1-9) including a reference to the prudent economic contacts maintained by the worldly compared to the isolated "sons of light"--a term used by the Essenes to describe themselves. Additional chapters describe archeological investigations regarding the primitive Christian community in first century Jerusalem. A search for the room of the Last Supper is described along with the Essene quarter in the city. Another chapter describes the remains of a crucified man and clinical conclusions that can be drawn therefrom. The final chapter describes the tradition for the ascension of the risen Christ into heaven and the divinity ascribed to Jesus by Christians--according to John's gospel, Christ was logos, God's intermediary form and "light" for the world. This volume, therefore, is a treasure trove of background information for Christians seeking a more complete understanding of the era in which Christ ministered.

Editorial Review:

A leading expert on the Dead Sea Scrolls explains why they are among the most important archaeological finds in history, and explores how they have revolutionized our understanding of Jesus.

The Bible And the Dead Sea Scrolls (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)

C. D. Elledge

The Bible And the Dead Sea Scrolls (Archaeology and Biblical Studies) C. D. Elledge Amazon Price: $15.95
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Editorial Review:

The Dead Sea Scrolls have revolutionized our understanding of the literature of the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Judaism, and the New Testament. The study of the Scrolls is now essential for understanding the history and transmission of the earliest biblical manuscripts, the development of apocalyptic and wisdom writings, and the rise of Jewish messianism—to name only a few of the most important areas of biblical literature to which the Scrolls have made an enduring contribution. As the importance of the Scrolls has increased over the past decades, the scholarly literature has increased exponentially. This brief yet thorough book highlights the most important contributions the Scrolls have made to the study of the Bible and charts new territory for future research into the Scrolls and the Qumran community. After reading The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls, students and scholars alike will have the basic understanding of the Scrolls necessary for pondering even deeper questions regarding the history, literature, and theology of the Bible.

Jesus & the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Unlocking th Secrets of His Life Story

Barbara Thiering

Jesus & the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Unlocking th Secrets of His Life Story Barbara Thiering List Price: $15.00
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 19 Average rating: 4.0 of 5

too much conjecture 2 out of 5 stars.
24 of 33 people found this review helpful.

I bought this book after seeing the TV documentary, which I thought was very interesting. However, by the time I got about half-way through the book, I realized that her conclusions are based upon wild conjecture. Thiering believes that basically everything in the gospels is symbolic and that she has discovered the keys to understanding the real story behind the fiction. The real story, of course, was hidden from the uninitated, and now that hidden knowledge that was lost for thousands of years can be yours! Ya, right. If you like conspiracy theories, this book will probably interest you. If you want a good book about the Dead Sea Scrolls, look elsewhere.

Editorial Review:

This bold, historical detective work--based on Thiering's discovery of the interpretative key to the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament--yields a whole new picture of Christianity's origins and the identity of Jesus, as it argues for a Christianity based on the real counterculture and prophetic life of Jesus--not just the mythological surface of the Gospels. Photos.

The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

Timothy Lim

The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) Timothy Lim Amazon Price: $10.16
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Customer Reviews:
Total reviews: 3 Average rating: 4.5 of 5

Editorial Review:

Everyone has heard of of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but amidst the conspiracies, the politics, and the sensational claims, it can be difficult to separate the myths from the reality. Here, Timothy Lim presents the true facts and leading theories behind the cultural and historical background of the scrolls, and examines their significance for our understanding of the Old Testament and the origins of Christianity and Judaism. Lim tells the fascinating story of the scrolls since their discouvery; their cultural context through the archaeology and history of the Dead Sea region. He explains the science behind their deciphering and dating, and does not omit the cast of characters, scandals, and controversies that have hastened the scrolls' rise to the status of cultrual icon. Beginning with their discovery in the 1940s, through the political, legal, and scholary controversies that still persist today, public interest in the Dead Sea Scrolls has remained exceptionally high. This is an accessible and well-written mini-history that will appeal to anyone interested in the true history of these fascinating documents.

From Enoch to the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Teachings of the Essenes

Edmond Bordeaux Szekely

From Enoch to the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Teachings of the Essenes Edmond Bordeaux Szekely List Price: $5.95
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Christian Beginnings and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology)

Christian Beginnings and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology) Amazon Price: $17.00
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Editorial Review:

Were first-century Jews expecting a messiah? Were other messiahs mentioned in the Dead Sea Scrolls? Were key early Christian symbols also found in the Judaism of Qumran? Did the Jews of Jesus's day believe in salvation by works? In the Holy Spirit? How did the New Testament authors think about inspired interpretation? In Christian Beginnings and the Dead Sea Scrolls, six leading scholars--John Collins, Craig Evans, Martin Abegg, R. Glenn Wooden, Barry Smith, and Jonathan Wilson--examine some of the major issues that the Dead Sea Scrolls have raised for our understanding of early Christianity. These cutting-edge articles explore the impact of the Scrolls on Christianity, delving deeper than most surveys on the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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